Why 3 colors?

Light has 2 degrees of freedom;

(frequency,amplitude) ---> (color,intensity)

All colors saturate to white in high intensity and to black in low, thus defining the evolutionary boundary. Color helps navigation in demanding environments like tree tops and expands in the gray middle range as it evolves. It works as an indexing agent for space, therefore there are 3 colors.

If fast navigation in a 3D environment is an evolutionary selection factor for the species, then they would die off if there were no possibility of extending the gray vision. But this possibility exists since there are 2 degrees of freedom of light.

The vision of 3 primary colors creates a 3D color matrix of the observed scene and maps it to the gray vision of intensity. This creates a 3D addressing mechanism and defines an improved indexing and addressing of the field. Senses are defined by their dedicated organs, like hardware peripherals of computers. Dedicated organs are needed for faster detection.

Gray on/near gray is still gray, but two different colors with the same grayness (intensity) stand out when near each other, and produce a different color when overlap due to two eyes. This improves the stereographic vision. Otherwise you need to swing your head side to side to improve the depth of the field. This is well observed in many animals, and it is a security risk and a time waster.

"Why do dogs have none?"

Assuming that the dogs have no color vision, it would be because they do not need to navigate in a 3D environment.

"Why do some humans with eyes just like yours, still not see any color
or only 2."

All genetic traits have a statistical distribution. Most humans have good color vision.

...

PS; The above is an extract from an exchange at sci.philosophy;

http://groups.google.com.au/group/alt.philosophy/browse_frm/thread/ccddf056eaf7e793?hl=en#

The song of being in measure 4/3

1. (Biochemical,Tissue,Organ)
2. (Populational,Relational,Philosophical)
3. (Quantal,Matter,Celestial)
4. (Multiverse,Omniverse,Divinity?)

The measure 4/3 inverts to 3/4 as it branches further;

1.1. ((Amino-acid,Protein),(Nucleotide,Nucleic-acid))
1.2. ((Connective,Epithelial),(Muscle,Neural))
1.3. ((Inner-action,Outer-action),(Inner-sense,Outer-sense))

2.1. ((Individual,Family),(Tribe,Species))
2.2. ((Interaction,Economics),(Technology,Communications))
2.3. ((Politics,Ethics),(Sciences,Philosophy))

3.1. ((Higgs,Boson),(Lepton,Quark))
3.2. ((Plasma,Gas),(Liquid,Solid))
3.3. ((Gas-Dust-Meteor-Comet,Planet-Moon),(Star,Black-Hole))

The rest is the arena of speculation, but there is enough of it to qualify for a pretty serious MIT paper about the Multiverse. The symmetry suggests further 2 categories. One of them already has a name; Omniverse. About the other, I have no idea. Divinity?

4.1. ((Level-1,Level-2),(Level-3,Level-4)) ... (*)
4.2. ?
4.3. ?

(*) http://space.mit.edu/home/tegmark/multiverse.pdf

Some of the details of the further branching are in my previous posts. There is enough evidence to suggest that the 3rd level belongs to the numbers 3, 6 and 12 for the detailing. The categories add upto 48 at the second level, reminding Bach's 48 preludes and fugues and plenty of references from the ancient cultures. The prelude that I love most, that of BWV-998, has the measure 4/3. My second favorite, BWV-999, has the measure 3/4. Both lute preludes. There you go.

Duet of life and universe in measure 3/4

This is an update to my previous post "The eightfold way of existence". I expanded the biology and universe sections and excluded the sections on culture, language, music and mathematics.

There are 4 biochemicals, 4 tissue and 4 organ types in biology;

(((Amino-acid,Protein),(Nucleotide,Nucleic-acid)),
((Connective,Epithelial),(Muscle,Neural)),
((Inner-action,Outer-action),(Inner-sense,Outer-sense)))

The symmetry of each quartet is like the modular group. I have excluded the chemicals like carbohydrates, lipids and ions from the biochemicals. Although there is not a clear cut boundary between the ordinary chemicals and biochemicals, these clearly define a good quartet. Like nucleotides are parts of nucleic acids, amino acids are parts of proteins, and both nucleotides and amino acids also have other functions. There are 12 amino acids. There are 4 groups and 12 types of Connective tissue;

(Loose,Dense,Cartilage,Other) =
((Areolar,Adipose,Reticular),(Regular,Irregular,Elastic),
(Hyaline,Fibrocartilage,Elastic),(Bone,Blood,Lymphatics))

There are 6 inner and 6 outer senses;

(((Pain,Pleasure),(Temperature,Pressure),(Rhythm,Harmony)),
((Touch,Balance),(See,Hear),(Taste,Smell)))

Senses have organs inside and outside the brain. The inner senses are more distributed over the body for their outer organs, yet more centralised in the brain. They make up the core of the brain. There are 6 inner and 6 outer organ groups of the body;

(((Feeding,Reproductive),(Lungs,Kidneys),(Heart,Brain)),
((Hands,Feet),(Arms,Legs),(Torso-Tail,Head)))

The Head reflects the torso in the organ symmetry.

,,,

Universe obeys the same symmetry;

(((Higgs,Boson),(Lepton,Quark)),
((Plasma,Gas),(Liquid,Solid)),
((Gas-Dust-Meteor-Comet,Planet-Moon),(Star,Black-Hole)))

The boson-fermion quartet match the 4 biochemical groups. The 4 phases of matter match the 4 tissue types of biology. Like the organs of an organism, the astronomical objects are places of transformation. An accumulation of rocks in space become spherical under Gravity after a critical mass. Therefore Planet and Moon represent a phase change from low level space debris. Similarly there is a phase change from Star to Black-Hole.

There are 6 leptons and 6 quarks;

(((Electron,E-Neutrino),(Muon,M-Neutrino),(Tau,T-Neutrino)),
((Up,Down),(Strange,Charm),(Bottom,Top)))

They also have their anti-particles. There are 3 known Bosons;

(Light,Weak,Strong)

The remaining categories (Time,Gravity,Space) must be due to Higgs which is theorised to weigh mass. They seem to match the Boson triplet;

((Time,Gravity,Space),(Light,Weak,Strong))

It can also be written in 3 dualities to expose the partner symmetry;

((Time,Light),(Gravity,Weak),(Space,Strong)))

Time is defined by Light. Space has the triplet symmetry like Strong. The implied (Gravity,Weak) duality is interesting, since the energy released by fission is in fact a transformation of mass to light. Maybe Weak holds the key to Gravity.

...

The symmetry match between life and universe demonstrates the modularity and self similarity of the universe. It may even show the inseparability of consciousness and matter, since life evolves from the depths of matter and there is no clear boundary between them. All life forms have their own cultures with a matching spectrum to human's, like language, music, tool using and so on, however dilute. Their elements add up to 12+12 = 24, a magic number. The duet they have been singing is still being created and its measure is 3/4, a very popular measure in human music.